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陶瓷燒制離不開的“助熔劑”:氧化鎂如何讓瓷器更堅韌?

點擊數(shù):662025-09-09 16:02:29 來源: 氧化鎂|碳酸鎂|輕質(zhì)氧化鎂|河北鎂神科技股份有限公司

新聞?wù)? 氧化鎂作為陶瓷助熔劑提升瓷器堅韌度的機(jī)制,主要通過降低燒成溫度、優(yōu)化顯微結(jié)構(gòu)、抑制裂紋擴(kuò)展三個核心途徑實現(xiàn),具體如下

  氧化鎂作為陶瓷助熔劑提升瓷器堅韌度的機(jī)制,主要通過降低燒成溫度、優(yōu)化顯微結(jié)構(gòu)、抑制裂紋擴(kuò)展三個核心途徑實現(xiàn),具體如下:


  一、降低燒成溫度,促進(jìn)均勻燒結(jié)與致密化

  陶瓷原料的主要成分為硅酸鹽,其熔融溫度較高。氧化鎂作為助熔劑,通過以下方式降低燒成溫度并優(yōu)化燒結(jié)過程:

  形成低熔點共熔體:氧化鎂與石英、長石中的堿金屬氧化物等反應(yīng),生成低熔點的鎂硅酸鹽共熔體。這些共熔體在較低溫度下熔融,填充陶瓷顆粒間的孔隙,促進(jìn)顆粒緊密堆積,減少氣孔率。

  抑制晶粒過度生長:傳統(tǒng)陶瓷燒成中,高溫易導(dǎo)致石英、長石晶粒粗化,引發(fā)結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷。氧化鎂通過吸附在晶粒表面,阻礙其異常生長,使顯微結(jié)構(gòu)更均勻,避免局部應(yīng)力集中導(dǎo)致的脆性斷裂。

  二、優(yōu)化顯微結(jié)構(gòu),提升界面結(jié)合強(qiáng)度

  陶瓷的堅韌度取決于晶相、玻璃相的分布及界面結(jié)合狀態(tài)。氧化鎂通過調(diào)控顯微結(jié)構(gòu),增強(qiáng)陶瓷內(nèi)部的“協(xié)同承載能力”:

  引入鎂鋁尖晶石相:在含氧化鋁的陶瓷配方中,氧化鎂與Al?O?反應(yīng)生成鎂鋁尖晶石。尖晶石相具有高硬度和良好的斷裂韌性,且與基體的熱膨脹系數(shù)匹配性好,可通過“釘扎效應(yīng)”增強(qiáng)晶相間的結(jié)合力,減少界面開裂風(fēng)險。

  細(xì)化玻璃相網(wǎng)絡(luò):陶瓷中的玻璃相起粘結(jié)作用,但其脆性較高。氧化鎂可降低玻璃相的粘度,使其在冷卻過程中均勻分布于晶相間隙,形成連續(xù)且薄的玻璃相膜,避免傳統(tǒng)厚玻璃相層導(dǎo)致的裂紋快速擴(kuò)展。

  三、抑制裂紋擴(kuò)展,發(fā)揮“增韌補(bǔ)強(qiáng)”作用

  陶瓷的脆性本質(zhì)是裂紋尖端應(yīng)力集中導(dǎo)致的快速斷裂,氧化鎂通過以下機(jī)制抑制裂紋擴(kuò)展,提升斷裂韌性:

  裂紋偏轉(zhuǎn)與橋聯(lián):當(dāng)裂紋遇到氧化鎂衍生的高硬度相時,會發(fā)生路徑偏轉(zhuǎn)或被晶相“橋聯(lián)”,消耗斷裂能量,使裂紋擴(kuò)展阻力增大。

  微裂紋增韌:氧化鎂在燒結(jié)冷卻過程中,因熱膨脹系數(shù)與基體存在微小差異,會在局部產(chǎn)生無害微裂紋。當(dāng)主裂紋擴(kuò)展時,微裂紋可吸收能量并改變主裂紋方向,延緩宏觀斷裂。

  四、實際應(yīng)用中的效果驗證

  日用陶瓷:添加3%~5%氧化鎂,可使瓷器的抗彎強(qiáng)度從80~100 MPa提升至120~150 MPa,熱震穩(wěn)定性從10~15次提升至20~30次,不易因溫度變化開裂。

  結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷:在氧化鋁陶瓷中引入10%~15%氧化鎂,斷裂韌性從3 MPa·m1/2提升至4~5 MPa·m1/2,可用于制造耐磨零件。

  電子陶瓷:氧化鎂優(yōu)化的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)可降低介電損耗,同時提升機(jī)械強(qiáng)度。

  總結(jié)

  氧化鎂作為陶瓷助熔劑,通過降低燒成溫度實現(xiàn)致密化、調(diào)控顯微結(jié)構(gòu)增強(qiáng)界面結(jié)合、抑制裂紋擴(kuò)展提升斷裂韌性三大機(jī)制,從根本上改善陶瓷的脆性,使其兼具“高強(qiáng)度”與“高韌性”。其作用本質(zhì)是通過化學(xué)與物理協(xié)同效應(yīng),將傳統(tǒng)陶瓷的“剛性堆砌結(jié)構(gòu)”轉(zhuǎn)化為“協(xié)同承載結(jié)構(gòu)”,因此成為提升瓷器堅韌度的關(guān)鍵助劑。

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